A Guide to Vertical Lists

A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists By Mark Nichol A recent post described how to organize and format in-line lists, those that occur within a sentence. This one explains the proper use of vertical lists, which are organized by setting the items on the list (following an introductory phrase or sentence), apart from each other, distinguished by numbers, letters, or other symbols, on consecutive lines. Vertical lists are best employed in place of in-line lists when the list is long and/or the items consist of longer phrases or even complete sentences (or even more than one sentence). However, vertical lists are often useful in contexts in which guidance or instruction is being offered, though they are most effective when they are concise, and extended list items are not advised. If list items consist of more than one sentence, the information might be better displayed as regular text. The following vertical list (too simple to be formatted as such but used here for illustrative purposes), is offered as a basic example: The colors of the American flag are red, white, and blue. (Note: This and other correct lists in this post are formatted in boldface.) Just as is the case with an in-line list, if one or more items in a vertical list itself requires a comma, each item should be set off from the others by a semicolon. Note that despite the vertical-list formatting, because the introductory phrase and the list constitute a syntactically organized sentence, the introductory phrase is not punctuated, but terminal punctuation follows the final item. (Some publishers, however, simplify this format by omitting especially the conjunction and perhaps the commas as well.) However, compare the previous example with a version in which the introductory phrase constitutes a complete independent clause: The colors of the American flag are as follows: red white blue Here, the introductory phrase and the list do not constitute a sentence, so the list items are not punctuated. Terminal punctuation is included, however, and first word of each list item is capitalized, if the items are themselves self-contained sentences: Although the colors of the American flag did not have any official meaning when it was designed, the colors on the Great Seal represent the following virtues: White signifies purity and innocence. Red signifies hardiness and valor. Blue signifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Note how the sentences in the list are organized consistently. In the following examples, the list items must be revised to make the list syntactically consistent: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Note how the first two items follow the syntactical structure of the introductory phrase but the third one is an independent clause. The list can be rendered consistent in two ways: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and ineffective tracking of realized savings. According to our survey, these are the top three factors: Budget enforcement is lax and savings are being spent in other areas. Savings assumptions are invalid or there are changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings. Realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Avoid producing vertical lists in which to or more list items begin with the same word or words, as in this example: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, how to build out a financial team to drive and support growth, how to build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and securing/managing financing to support corporate growth strategy. To revise, incorporate the recurring word or phrase into the introductory phrase and revise any list items that begin with different wording so that they conform with the others, as shown here: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, build out a financial team to drive and support growth, build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and secure/manage financing to support corporate growth strategy. Note, too, that any symbol may be used in place of bullets, but the same symbol should be employed throughout not only a single vertical list but also all such lists throughout a document or publication. If one or more items in a vertical list marked by bullets are followed by subsidiary items of their own, a distinct symbol (such as a hollow bullet) should be used for those items, which should also be indented farther than the primary list items. Sometimes, no symbols are used at all, but this strategy is best employed if the items are brief and numerous, such as in a vocabulary list consisting of one- or two-word items. (In addition, a vertical list in which items are short can be formatted into two or more narrow columns if the width of the printed or online page is wide enough to accommodate them.) Also, numbers and letters may be substituted for bullets, but numbers are recommended only when the items in the list should be read in a particular order, such as when outlining a procedure or ranking the list items. Letters are appropriate primarily for multiple-choice test items, for example, or when the text includes frequent cross-references such as â€Å"See item d.† A basic outline-style vertical list can be organized using a simple hierarchy of Arabic numerals and lowercase letters. For a complex outline, the recommended hierarchy of numbers and letters varies according to various style manuals and writing handbooks, but The Chicago Manual of Style advises the following sequence: Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on), capital letters (A, B, C, and so on), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on), lowercase letters (a, b, c, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis, Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses, lowercase letters enclosed in parentheses, and lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis. Another outline format is the decimal outline, as shown below (appropriate indentation not used here): 1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 . . . 1.3 1.3.1 . . . 2. 2.1 . . . Ultimately, the goal of any list organization is clarity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know8 Proofreading Tips And Techniques"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Timeline of the Algerian War of Independence

Timeline of the Algerian War of Independence Here is a timeline of the Algerian War of Independence. It dates from the time of French colonization to the end of the Battle of Algiers. The Wars Origins in French Colonization of Algeria 1830 Algiers is occupied by France. 1839 Abd el-Kader declares war on the French after their meddling in the administration of his territory. 1847 Abd el-Kader surrenders. France finally subjugates Algeria. 1848 Algeria is recognized as an integral part of France. The colony is opened to European settlers. 1871 Colonization of Algeria increases in response to the loss of the Alsace-Lorraine region to the German Empire. 1936 Blum-Viollette reform is blocked by French Settlers. March 1937 The Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA, Algerian Peoples Party) is formed by the veteran Algerian nationalist Messali Hadj. 1938 Ferhat Abbas forms the Union Populaire Algrienne (UPA, Algerian Popular Union). 1940 World War IIFall of France. 8 November 1942 Allied landings in Algeria and Morocco. May 1945 World War II Victory in Europe.Independence demonstrations in Stif turn violent. French authorities respond with severe reprisals leading to thousands of Muslim deaths. October 1946 The Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Liberts Dmocratiques (MTLD, Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties) replaces the PPA, with Messali Hadj as president. 1947 The Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization) is formed as a paramilitary arm of the MTLD. 20 September 1947 A new constitution for Algeria is established. All Algerian citizens are offered French citizenship (of equal status to those of France). However, when an Algerian National Assembly is convened it is skewed to settlers compared to indigenous Algerians two politically equal 60-member colleges are created, one representing the 1.5 million European settlers, the other for 9 million Algerian Muslims. 1949 Attack on the central post office of Oran by the Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization). 1952 Several leaders of the Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization) are arrested by French Authorities. Ahmed Ben Bella, however, manages to escape to Cairo. 1954 The Comit Rvolutionaire dUnit et dAction (CRUA, Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action) is set up by several former members of the Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization). They intend to lead the revolt against French rule. A conference in Switzerland by CRUA officials sets out the future administration of Algeria after the defeat of the French six administrative districts (Wilaya) under the command of a military chief are established. June 1954 New French government under the Parti Radical (Radical Party) and with Pierre Mends-France as chairman of the Council of Ministers, an acknowledged opponent of French colonialism, withdraws troops from Vietnam following the fall of Dien Bien Phu. This is seen by Algerians as a positive step towards recognition of independence movements in French-occupied territories.

Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job - Essay Example They must be perfect and timely as well as compliant with the set financial laws and regulations. Notably, the job market for financial managers is very competitive and equally growing. However, financial managers with knowledge on international finance and financial instruments and securities have a competitive advantage. Ideally, every company or government agency will require one or more financial managers to oversee its financial operations. In this context, job analysis for a financial manager will help our company and me to recruit the best person for the job in the financial market. There is one vacant position for a Financial Manager in our company. Job Description Having been a Financial Manager, I ascertain that a financial manager in our company bears the responsibility for all financial control and reporting aspects and links the finance department with the upper management. A Financial Manager also analyses accounting data to maximize the company’s working capital , reduce operational costs and improve the overall performance of the company. The Financial Manager ensures that the company’s financial reports comply with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and other industry regulations. He equally provides financial advice and support to the management to enable them to make sound financial decisions. A financial manager will produce cash-flow statements, direct investment activities, design profit projections, design long-term financial strategies and plans to ensure the going concern of the company. Ideally, the responsibilities and tasks of the financial manager will include: Preparing  and interpreting financial reports, monthly and annual financial accounts. Preparing, managing, and interpreting... In conclusion, the author's find that job analysis is a very fundamental part in the hiring process, because clear understanding of job analysis ensures that the managers can establish the observable tasks and activities as well as identify specific job responsibilities. Additionally, job analysis promotes assessment and selection decisions, which help in identifying the best person for the job. Aspects like the recruitment and section plan, job description, training and development, and performance evaluation rely on the manager’s knowledge on job analysis. This paper approves that training is a very fundamental aspect in financial management, and financial managers should receive constant training as the financial market keeps changing. We experience constant changes in the financial world and the financial managers must attend trainings to equip themselves with the new dynamics in the financial sector. As such, even after attaining the relevant financial achievements and securing employment, many financial managers engage in financial management training which boosts their growth and performance. Subject to the significance of their responsibilities, the management facilitates the training of the financial managers. Such training may relate to the principles of insurance, accounting standards and principles, risk management, direct investments among other relevant topics. Banks, universities and other organizations perform financial management trainings.

Paper on Educational Preparation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paper on Educational Preparation - Essay Example According to American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2014), their differences in ability may not be evident in the early stages of nursing practice but are often pronounced as individual graduates gain confidence and experience in individual areas. This paper focuses on Differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the Associate-degree level versus the Baccalaureate-degree level. The baccalaureate graduate nurse is equipped with knowledge, skills and competence to practice with different patients including, groups, individual families, populations and communities across the lifespan and within the environment of healthcare. In this regard, baccalaureate graduates do not only understand, but also appreciate possible variations of care, high level use of healthcare resources and high complexity which are vital in caring for patients. Associate graduate examines the underlying clinical nursing practice evidence with a view to change the status quo; provide new insights to improve care while questioning assumptions and improve quality of care for communities, patients and their families. On the other hand baccalaureate graduates are mainly evolving scholars who contribute a lot to the development of nursing practice as a science. They are more competent in questioning and critiquing published research and findings of various studies. In this regard, they bring n ew knowledge into nursing practice by using current evidence as the start point to propose, innovative, creative and evidence based solutions to problems related to clinical practice. Wider approach to nurse education through baccalaureate degree improves professional growth of graduate nurses thus prepared them for a wider scope of practice. This is because courses are taught in depth in social, humanities, sciences, physical and nursing management. The additional skills

The cause of stress to college students Essay Example for Free

The cause of stress to college students Essay Many people experience stress as they combine busy lives and the demands of study and or work while trying to also save time for friends and family.. For some people,, stress becomes almost a way of life.. We all experience episodic stress – getting ready for a major exam,, completing an important paper,, perhaps getting ready for an important interview.. However,, a continuous â€Å"â€Å"state†Ã¢â‚¬  of stress should not become a way of life.. We know that stress – over a prolonged period of time – can have increase certain health risks,, to say nothing of the wear and tear that happens to relationships and general wellbeing. This simple guide uses materials adapted from several college campuses with active stress reduction programs.. It explores the origins of stress and provides some basic ways to assess the level of stress you may be feeling and then suggests some easytoincorporate ways to decrease the level of stress.. WHAT IS STRESS? Stress is simply the bodys non-specific response to any demand made on it. Stress is not by definition synonymous with nervous tension or anxiety. Stress provides the means to express talents and energies and pursue happiness; it can also cause exhaustion and illness, either physical or psychological; heart attacks and accidents. The important Recognizing Stress The following are indicators that you may be experiencing stress. ^ General irritability ^ Elevated heart rate ^ Increased blood pressure ^ Increased accident proneness ^ Floating anxiety-anxious feeling for no specific reason ^ Trembling ^ Insomnia ^ Headaches ^ Indigestion ^ Pain in neck and/or lower back ^ Changes in appetite or sleep pattern Thing to remember about stress is that certain forms are normal and essential. As the body responds to various forms of physical or psychological stress, certain predictable changes occur. These include increased heart rate, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and secretions of stimulatory hormones. These responses to stress will occur whether the stress is positive or negative in nature. In lay terms, it is known as the fight or flight mechanism. Continual exposure lowers the bodys ability to cope with additional forms of psychological or physiological stress. The results of continuing stress may cause disruption in one or more of the following areas of health: physical, emotional, spiritual and/or social. Stress is a process that builds. It is more effective to intervene early in the process rather than later. Try to become aware of the signs that suggest the process has begun. COMMON STRESSORS IN COLLEGE LIFE INCLUDE: ? Greater academic demands ? Being on one’s own in a new environment – with new responsibilities ? Changes in family relations and one’s social life ? Financial responsibilities ? Exposure to new people, ideas, and temptations ? Being away from home, often for the first time ? Making decisions, on a higher level than one is used to ? Substance abuse ? Awareness of one’s sexual identity and orientation ? Preparing for life after graduation ? Psychological make-up can also play a role in vulnerability to depression. People who have low self-esteem, who consistently view themselves and the world with pessimism, or are readily overwhelmed by stress may be especially prone to depression. TAKING STRESS SERIOUSLY For many young adults, college is the best time of life. These critical years of adjustment can also be undermined by depression, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders. Researchers are finding that many mental illnesses are traced to trauma, whose damage surfaces in times of stress and change, such as the college years. The statistics listed below are evidence that stress in ourselves or in someone about whom we care – should be taken and treated seriously. College students are feeling more overwhelmed and stressed than fifteen years ago, according to a recent UCLA survey of college freshman. More than 30% of all college freshman report feeling overwhelmed a great deal of the time. Thirty-eight percent of college women report feeling frequently overwhelmed. Depression affects over 19 million adults in the US annually. At colleges nationwide, large percentages of college students are feeling overwhelmed, sad, hopeless and so depressed that they are unable to function. In a recent national college health survey, 10% of college students had been diagnosed with depression. Women, who tend to be more forthcoming (or are less stigmatized) in seeking treatment for depression, recorded a rate of 13%. Anxiety disorders affect millions of adults every year, and anxiety levels among college students have been rising since the 1950s. In 2000, 7% of college students reported experiencing anxiety disorders within the previous year. Women are five times as likely to have anxiety disorders. Eating disorders affect 5-10 million women and 1 million men, with the highest rates occurring in college-aged women. Advantaged, white women are at the highest risk. Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death among the US population, the third leading cause of death for all those aged 15-24, and the second leading cause of death in college populations. Individuals who are stressed are more likely to have accidents – including those involving motor vehicles, and, to be more careless with seatbelt use. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 7. 8% of men and 12. 3% of women ages 18-24 report frequent mental distress – a key indicator for depression and other mental disorders. Some additional suggestions for reducing stress levels and enhancing your college experience: ? Keep your space and consequently your mind organized. ? Go to class. ? Keep up with course work (the rule of thumb is two hours of study per one hour in class). ? Get involved with campus activities. ? Maintain communication with your family. ? Take advantage of campus resources and choose a career path. ? Form healthy relationships. ? Talk to someone about your problems (family member, friend, college counselor). ? Get to know your professors.

Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt Essay examples -- Arts o

Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt opened up a whole new concept for our class. The new term â€Å"contact zone† appeared and Pratt defined it as "social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today." The idea of the contact zone is intended in part to contrast with ideas of community that trigger much of the thinking about language, communication, and culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Pratt, the two distinctive phenomenon of the contact zone are autoethnographic text and transculturation. One of the characteristics of autoethnographic text is that it usually involves some extensive collaborating process by people of different social and intellectual classes. Writing classes might have some significance with the contact zone because of this group effort process. During this process every marginalized and hidden voice can be heard, not to mention every individual member can learn how to form and negotiate an opinion in the outbreak of all the conflicting opinions of group members of different cultural background. In addition, transculturation is defined as â€Å"processes whereby members of subordinated or marginal groups select and invent from materials transmitted by a dominated culture". An example would be that they adopt some characteri... Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt Essay examples -- Arts o Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt opened up a whole new concept for our class. The new term â€Å"contact zone† appeared and Pratt defined it as "social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today." The idea of the contact zone is intended in part to contrast with ideas of community that trigger much of the thinking about language, communication, and culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Pratt, the two distinctive phenomenon of the contact zone are autoethnographic text and transculturation. One of the characteristics of autoethnographic text is that it usually involves some extensive collaborating process by people of different social and intellectual classes. Writing classes might have some significance with the contact zone because of this group effort process. During this process every marginalized and hidden voice can be heard, not to mention every individual member can learn how to form and negotiate an opinion in the outbreak of all the conflicting opinions of group members of different cultural background. In addition, transculturation is defined as â€Å"processes whereby members of subordinated or marginal groups select and invent from materials transmitted by a dominated culture". An example would be that they adopt some characteri...

Adele: Rise of the Mummy (Movie Review)

Movie Review ADELE: RISE OF THE MUMMY Adele: Rise of the Mummy is a movie adaptation of the comic series of Jacques Tardi and directed by Luc Besson (â€Å"The Fifth Element†). The genre of this is more on adventure, action and comedy. It tackles about the adventures of the author Adele Blanc-Sec on her search for the mummy Patmosis, physician of the great pharaoh Ramses II of Egypt. With the help of Esperandieu, a physicist, and his concept of life after death, the plan is to resuscitate Patmosis to cure her paralyzed/almost dead sister.The story doesn’t only focuses on the concept of mummy but also to a pterodactyl which was hatched after 135 million years. It also narrates reality stuffs, the policeman, the commissioner, and those higher to them on how they use their influence, the scientists and their role in science relating to present issues. It is quite of lousy tactics when it comes to graphics. The pterodactyl seems to be not so realistic, though mummies were r eally nice.Also, the props used such as the breath analyzer which was used in the earlier part is catchy, the telephone and typewriter are of some antique kind. The emotions also have a spec and shifting of these emotions is suitable with regards to the scenes. For example, it goes sombre when Adele talks about her sister, and goes ra-ta-tat when Adele is in situation where she’s desperate. The humor that evolved throughout the film is of limited access to most of the audience since most of them are French â€Å"thing†.Such stuffs are mostly inside jokes about French politics, cuisine, and the museum itself. Some are clearer upon second viewing. The movie didn’t catch the bottom part of Filipino taste when it comes to comedy films. However, the film is quite educational and interesting in its own simple way, introducing the minor Egypt culture when it comes to mummifying bodies, stating most traditions like pharaohs usually bring with them their slaves and gold upon dying.The concept of life and death was also mentioned, relating it to some kind of scientific issues. The title itself is intriguing. True that the mummy rise from the grave, but what happens next is quite unexpected since it was drolly funny. Thumbs up for Besson for a job well done. I never imagined watching this one in such manner. And that is the twist that invites laughs of genuine amusement, not derision.

Marketing Success Factors of Coca-Cola Company Essay

1.0 Executive Summary This report was commissioned to analyze the ten marketing success factors of Coca-Cola Company and suggest Coca-Cola Company on how to solve the problems that had been faces. The research shows on how Coca-Cola Company achieves their success in nowadays by marketing success factors. The ten marketing success factors of Coca-Cola Company are market research, market analysis, selecting target market, SWOT analysis, marketing mix, positioning, factors that influencing customer choice, innovation, brand development strategy and implementing, monitoring, controlling. Further investigation reveal that the market problems of Coca-Cola Company. Coca-Cola Company has facing market problems such as health effect, competitors and environmental impact. Based on the study, we recommended Coca-Cola Company solve their health problem by launch sugar free, sugar less, low-calorie and no-calorie product. We recommended Coca-Cola Company solve their competitors problem by understand the culture of a country and launch a product that has not launched by others competitors before. Finally, we recommended Coca-Cola Company solve their environmental impact by using recycle plastic in their bottle. 2.0 Business Overview 2.1 History of Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia. Coca-Cola Enterprises, established in 1986, is a young company by the standards of the Coca-Cola system. Yet each of its franchises has a strong heritage in the traditions of Coca-Cola that is the foundation for this company. The Coca-Cola company traces it’s beginning to 1886, when an Atlanta pharmacist, Dr. John Pemberton, began to produce Coca-Cola syrup for sale in fountain drinks. However the bottling business began in 1899 when two Chattanooga businessmen, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. White head, secured the exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca-Cola for most of the United States from The Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola bottling system continued to operate as independent, local businesses until the early 1980s when bottling franchises began to consolidate. In 1986, The Coca-Cola Company merged some of its company-owned operations with two large ownership groups that were for sale, the John T.Lupton franchises and BCI Holding Corporation’s bottling holdings, to form Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. The Company offered its stock to the public on November 21, 1986, at a split-adjusted price of $5.50 a share. On an annual basis, total unit case sales were 880,000 in 1986. In December 1991, a merger between Coca-Cola Enterprises and the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group, Inc. (Johnston) created a larger, stronger Company, again helping accelerate bottler consolidation. As part of the merger, the senior management team of Johnston assumed responsibility for managing the Company, and began a dramatic, successful restructuring in 1992.Unit case sales had climbed to 1.4 billion, and total revenues were $5 billion. 2.2 Mission of the Coca-Cola Company A mission statement is a statement of the purpose of a company or organization. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organization, spell out its overall goal, provide a path, and guide decision-making. Coca-Cola Company Roadmap starts with their mission, which is enduring. It declares their purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which they weigh their actions and decisions. The mission of Coca-Cola Company is to refresh the world, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, and to create value and make a difference. In order to achieve these missions, Coca-Cola Company must create value for all the constraints they serve, including their consumers, their customers, their bottlers, and their communities. The Coca-Cola Company creates value by executing comprehensive business strategy guided by six key beliefs which are consumer demand drives everything they do, brand Coca-Cola is the core of their business. Besides, they will serve consumers a broad selection of the nonalcoholic ready-to–drink beverages they want to drink throughout the day. They will be the best marketers in the world. They will think and act locally and lastly they will lead as a model corporate citizen. 2.3 Target Market of Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company’s beverages are generally for all consumers. However, there are some brands, which target specific consumers. For example, Coca-Cola’s diet soft drinks are targeted at consumers who are older in age, between the years of 25 and 39. PowerAde sports water target those who are fit, healthy and do sport. Winnie the Pooh sipper cap Juice Drink target children between the ages 5-12. This type of market approach refers to market segmentation. The Coca- Cola Company when advertising has a primary target market of those who are 13-24, and a secondary market of 10-39. 3.0 Marketing Success Factors of Coca-Cola Company 3.1 Market Research When attempting to implement a new Marketing plan a business must address its target market and conduct the relevant information to insure the new marketing plan both differs from the old and is better for the business. When conducting market research a business must first define the problem and then gather the appropriate information to solve the problem. There are 3 types of information a business can gather to solve its problems. First type is Exploratory Research which clarifies the problem and searches for ways to address it. Second type is Descriptive Research that used to measure and describe things like the market potential for a product and characteristics of the target market. Lastly is Casual Research which used to test a hypothesis about a cause and effect relationship. Coca-Cola Company through its market research has addressed all three types of research to define the problem raised by shareholders and gathered information to serve their needs. 3.2 Market Analysis The market analysis investigates both the internal and external business environment. It is vital that Coca-Cola carefully monitor both the internal and external aspects regarding its business as both the internal and external environment and their respective influences will be decisive traits in relation to Coca-Cola’s success and survival in the soft drink industry. The Internal Business Environment and its influence is that which is to some extent within the business’s control. The main attributes in the internal environment include efficiency in the production process, through management skills and effective communication channels. To effectively control and monitor the internal business environment, Coca-Cola must conduct continual appraisals of the business’s operations and readily act upon any factors, which cause inefficiencies in any phase of the production and consumer process. The External Business Environment and its influences are usually powerful forces that can affect a whole industry and, in fact, a whole economy. Changes in the external environment will create opportunities or threats in the market place Coca-Cola must be aware off. Fluctuations in the economy, changing customer attitudes and values, and demographic patterns heavily influence the success of Coca-Cola’s products on the market and the reception they receive from the consumers. 3.3 Selecting Target Market Once the situation analysis is complete, and the marketing objectives determined, attention turns to the target market. The soft drink market is very large, and the business cannot be â€Å"all things to all people†, so it must choose which market segments have the greatest potential. The target market is the group of customers on whom the business focuses attention. The target market is where Coca-Cola focuses its marketing efforts as it feels this is where it will be most productive and successful. The target market for Coca-Cola is very wide as it satisfies the needs for many different consumers, ranging from the healthy diet consciousness through Diet Coca-Cola to the average human through its best selling drink regular Coca-Cola. Most Coca-Cola products satisfy all age groups as it is proven that most people of different age groups consume the Coca-Cola product. This market is relatively large and is open to both genders, thereby allowing greater product diversification. There are four broad ways which Coca-Cola can segment its market is Mass marketing, Concentrated marketing, Differentiated marketing, Niche marketing The most apparent method used by Coca-Cola is with no doubt the differentiated marketing method as Coke satisfy’s a range of different markets. Diet coke satisfy’s the weight consciousness, regular Coke, Sprite, Fanta the average human, coffee, iced tea etc. Each group of beverages satisfies a particular group of people but majority the average human. 3.4 SWOT Analysis SWOT stands for Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats. SWOT analysis is a technique much used in much general management as well as marketing scenarios. SWOT consists of examining the current activities of the organization- its Strengths and Weakness- and then using this and external research data to set out the Opportunities and Threats that exist. The Strength of Coca-Cola has been a complex part of world culture for a very long time. The product’s image is loaded with over-romanticizing, and this is an image many people have taken deeply to heart. The Coca-Cola image is displayed on T-shirts, hats, and collectible memorabilia. This extremely recognizable branding is one of Coca-Cola’s greatest strengths. Additionally, Coca-Cola’s bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It allows them to conduct business on a global scale while at the same time maintain a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and operated by independent business people who are authorized to sell products of the Coca-Cola Company. Because Coca-Cola does not have outright ownership of its bottling network, its main source of revenue is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers. Weaknesses for any business need to be both minimized and monitored in order to effectively achieve productivity and efficiency in their business’s activities, Coca-Cola is no exception. Although domestic business as well as many international markets is thriving, Coca-Cola has recently reported some â€Å"declines in unit case volumes in Indonesia and Thailand due to reduced consumer purchasing power.† Coca-Cola on the other side has effects on the teeth which is an issue for health care. It also has got sugar by which continuous drinking of Coca-Cola may cause health problems. Being addicted to Coca-Cola also is a health problem, because drinking of Coca-Cola daily has an effect on your body after few years. The Opportunities for Coca-Cola is brand. Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting Coke’s competitive position. Coca-Cola’s brand name is known well throughout 94% of the world today. The primary concern over the past few years has been to get this name brand to be even better known. Packaging changes have also affected sales and industry positioning, but in general, the public has tended not to be affected by new products. Coca-Cola’s bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunities around the world. This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to service a large geographic, diverse area. Currently, the Threat of new viable competitors in the carbonated soft drink industry is not very substantial. The threat of substitutes, however, is a very real threat. The soft drink industry is very strong, but consumers are not necessarily married to it. Possible substitutes that continuously put pressure on both Pepsi and Coke include tea, coffee, juices, milk, and hot chocolate. Even though Coca-Cola and Pepsi control nearly 40% of the entire beverage market, the changing health-consciousness of the market could have a serious affect. Of course, both Coca-Cola and Pepsi have already diversified into these markets, allowing them to have further significant market shares and offset any losses incurred due to fluctuations in the market. Consumer buying power also represents a key threat in the industry. The rivalry between Pepsi and Coca-Cola has produce a very slow moving industry in which management must continuously respond to the changing attitudes and demands of their consumers or face losing market share to the competition. Furthermore, consumers can easily switch to other beverages with little cost or consequence. 3.5 Marketing Mix The marketing mix is probably the most crucial stage of the marketing planning process. This is where the marketing tactics for each product are determined. The marketing mix refers to the combination of the four factors which are price, promotion, product, and place that make up the core of a business’s marketing strategy. In this step of the marketing planning process, marketing mix must be designed to satisfy the wants of target markets and achieve the marketing objectives. The most successful businesses have continually monitored and changed their marketing mix due to respective internal and external factors and have monitored the external business environment in order to maximize their marketing mix components. First factor of marketing mix is product. Many Products are physical objects that you can own and take home. But the word product means much more than just physical goods. In marketing, product also refers to services, such as holidays or a movie, where you enjoy the benefits without owning the result of the service. Businesses must think about products on three different levels, which are the core product, the actual product and the augmented product. The core product is what the consumer is actually buying and the benefits it gives. Coca-Cola customers are buying a wide range of soft drinks. The actual product is the parts and features, which deliver the core product. Consumers will buy the Coca-Cola product because of the high standards and high quality of the products. The augmented product is the extra consumer benefits and services provided to customers. Since soft drinks are a consumable good, the augmented level is very limited. But Coca Cola do offer a help line and complaint phone service for customers who are not satisfied with the product or wish to give feedback on the products. Second factor or marketing mix is price. Price is a very important part of the marketing mix as it can affect both the supply and demand for Coca-Cola. The price of Coca-Cola products is one of the most important factors in a customer decision to buy. Price will often be the difference that will push a customer to buy our product over another, as long as most things are fairly similar. For this reason pricing policies need to be designed with consumers and external influences in mind, in order to effectively achieve a stable balance between sales and covering the production costs. Price strategies are important to Coca-Cola because the price determines the amount of sales and profit per unit sold. Businesses have to set a price that is attractive to their customers and provides the business with a good level of profit. Long before a sale was ever made Coca-Cola had developed a forecast of consumer demand at different prices which inevitably determined whether or not the product came on the market, as well as the allocation of adequate money and resources to produce promote and distribute the product. Promotion is the third factor of marketing mix. The promotional mix is the combination of personal selling, advertising, sales promotion and public relations that it uses in its marketing plan. Above the line promotions refers to mainstream media: Advertising through common media such as television, radio, transport, and billboards and in newspapers and magazines. Because most of the target is most likely to be exposed to media such as television, radio and magazines, Coca-Cola has used this as the main form of promotion for extensive range of products. Although advertising is usually very expensive, it is the most effective way of reminding and exposing potential customers to Coca-Cola Products. Coca-Cola also utilizes below the line promotions such as contests, coupons, and free samples. These activities are an effective way of getting people to give your product. The last factor of marketing mix is place. The place refers to distribution of the ways of getting the product to the market. The distribution of products starts with the producer and ends with the consumer. The Coca-Cola Company sells its products to bottling and canning operations, distributors, fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers. These then distributes them to retail outlets, milk bar and corner stores, restaurants, petrol stations and newsagents. There are two Place strategies which are indirect distribution and intensive distribution. The Coca-Cola Company uses intermediaries in indirect distribution. That is the company does not sell its products directly to its consumers. The Coca-Cola Company uses the intensive distribution strategy. The business’s products are sold in almost every outlet including retail outlets, small shops, restaurants, petrol stations, newsagents, schools, sports and entertainment venues from vending machines. 3.6 Positioning Positioning mean the process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand, or organization. Positioning divided into two which are re-positioning and de-positioning. Re-positioning involves changing the identity of a product, relative to the identity of competing products, in the collective minds of the target market. De-positioning involves attempting to change the identity of competing products, relative to the identity of your own product, in the collective minds of the target market. Once a business has decided which segments of the market it will compete in, developed a clear picture of its target market and defined its product, the positioning strategy can be developed. Positioning is the process of creating, the image the product holds in the mind of consumers, relative to competing products. Coca-Cola and Franklins both make soft drinks; although Franklins may try to compete they will still be seen as down market from Coca-Cola. Positioning helps customers understand what is unique about the products when compared with the competition. Coca-Cola plan to further create positions that will give their products the greatest advantage in their target markets. Coca-Cola has been positioned based on the process of positioning by direct comparison and have positioned their products to benefit their target market. Most people create an image of a product by comparing it to another product, thus evident through the famous battles between Coca-Cola and Pepsi products. 3.7 Factors that Influencing Consumer Choice When making decisions on products a business must look at factors that influence consumer choice such as psychological factors, Socio cultural factors, Economic factors and Government Factors. Psychological factors such as motivation, perception, lifestyle, personality and self concept, learning, and attitudes influence the consumer’s behavior towards a product and Coca-Cola has addressed this issue by introducing Diet Coke to satisfy different lifestyles. Socio cultural factors such as culture, subculture, socio-economic status, family and reference groups influence the consumer’s behavior towards a product. The family is probably the biggest influence on buying behavior. Marketers also need to focus product design and promotion of both males and females. When planning a marketing strategy, the marketing manager should know which member is the main decision-maker for the product so that promotion can direct at that person. Economic factors such as Disposable income and discretionary income. A person’s economic situation will influence the sorts of products they will buy. Economic situation is determined by a number of factors such as level of income, savings and ability to borrow. The more a person earns the greater their ability to buy goods and services. Coca-Cola has addressed this side of the influence by maintaining a low price on the price of its products. Government Factors such as new regulations, inflation, interest rates all influence consumer spending and choice. Decisions made by the government at all levels will have an effect on the buyer’s behavior. Government policies also influence the level of economic activity which affects consumer’s confidence and ability to borrow. 3.8 Innovation Innovation generally refers to the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society. Innovation differs from invention or renovation in that innovation generally signifies a substantial positive change compared to incremental changes. Coca-Cola has been able to survive and grow in an ever-changing market because of its ability to systematically innovate and deliver new products. In the late 90s the company, typically showing earnings growth of 15-20% per year, turned in three straight years of falling profits. It was apparent that the market was changing and in order to keep up with these changes, Coca-Cola had to move from a single core product to a total beverage company. 3.9 Brand Development Strategy Brand development strategy of Coca-Cola has been far reaching and has managed to remain in the limelight ever since it became a favorite with the non alcoholic drinkers. It has been noticed that brand loyalty is an important factor in maintaining the number one position. It is often hard to say exactly why we buy one company product over another. Companies such as Nike and Adidas spend large amounts of money trying to win consumers away from their competitors who make products that are very similar. The popularity of the brand is often the deciding factor. Over the time Coca-Cola has spent millions of dollars developing and promoting their brand name, resulting in worldwide recognition. ‘Coca-Cola’ is the most recognized trademark, recognized by 94% of the world’s population and is the most widely recognized word after â€Å"OK†. Coca-Cola red and white colors and special writing are all examples of world-wide trademarks. There are a number of branding strategies: Generic brand strategy, Individual brand strategy, Family brand strategy, Manufacturer brand strategy, Private brand strategy and Hybrid brand strategy. Coca-Cola utilizes the Individual brand strategy as Coca-Cola major products are given their own brand names e.g Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola etc although they may be presented as different lines they operate under the name of Coca-Cola. 3.10 Implementing, Monitoring and Controlling Implementation is the process of turning plans into actions, and involves all the activities that put the marketing plan to work. Successful implementation depends on how well the business blends its people, organizational structure and company culture into a cohesive program that supports the marketing plan. For its further success, Coca-Cola must impose several key changes. Production needs to be on time and meet the quota demanded from wholesalers. It must also be efficient so as not to build inventory stocks and inventory prices. The marketing needs to be motivated and knowledgeable about the product. The forms of promotion such as advertising must be attracting and enticing to the target market to get the greatest amount of exposure possible for the product. This will ensure the success of the product in the stores. Distribution of the product must be efficient. This problem has already been taken care of with convenient transport routes to commercial areas and transport already being arranged. Monitoring and controlling allows the business to check for variance in the budget and actual. This is important because it allows Coca-Cola to take the necessary actions to meet the marketing objectives. There are three tools Coca-Cola should use to monitor the marketing plan which are Sales Analysis, Market Share Analysis, Marketing Profitability Analysis. The sales analysis breaks down total business sales by market segments to identify strengths and weaknesses in the different areas of sales. Sellers of Coca-Cola products vary from major retail supermarkets to small corner stores. This gives the products maximum exposure to customers at their convenience. Market share analysis compares Coca-Cola business sales performance with that of its competitors. Coca-Cola looks to increase its market share by over 60%. With the changes Coca-Cola is currently undergoing, they aim to regain an iron fist control of the market. Target market various age groups and lifestyles from high school students too universities, and male or female. This analysis looks at the cost side of marketing and the profitability of products, sales territories, market segments and sales people. There are three ratios to monitor marketing profitability; they are market research to sales, advertising to sales and sales representatives to sales. The results of these three tools can help Coca-Cola determine any emerging trends, such as the need for a different product. Comparing these results with actual results gives the business an idea on when to change. 4.0 Market Problems 4.1 Health Problem Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink. Since studies indicate â€Å"soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in the American diet†, most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with rather than complements a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium, magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A. A common criticism of Coca-Cola based on its allegedly toxic acidity levels has been found to be baseless by researchers; lawsuits based on these notions have been dismissed by several American courts for this reason. Although numerous court cases have been filed against The Coca-Cola Company since the 1920s, alleging that the acidity of the drink is dangerous, no evidence corroborating this claim has been found. Frequent exposure of teeth to acidic drinks increases the risk of tooth damage through dental erosion. This form of tooth decay is unrelated to dental caries. Consume too much of carbonated soft drink will threatening kidney, increase diabetes risk, Increase obesity risk and others diseases that will affect our healthy. The people with diabetes to consume sugar is strictly prohibited because the hormone insulin in the body is not enough, not even able to convert these sugars into the muscle sugar (glycogen). As a result, blood sugar (glucose) will be increased and dangerous. Carbonated drinks rich in calories. Calories that enter the body can increase the risk of obesity. 4.2 Competitors Coca-Cola Company has many competitors in the soft drink industry, such as Pepsi, Sarsi and so on. The main competitor of Coca-Cola Company is Pepsi. Pepsi is clearly a market challenger to market leader Coca-Cola Company. Pepsi’s trendy advertising featuring American pop stars, from Michael Jackson to Britney Spears is clearly geared towards American young consumers. On other hand, Coca-Cola Company‘s approach to the market has traditionally been more wholesome relying â€Å"more heavily on images of happiness and togetherness, tradition, and nationalism.† However Pepsi has made its share of blunders as well. Pepsi Blue, a blue, berry-flavored version, has gone the way of Pepsi soft drink disasters, Crystal Pepsi and Pepsi Clear had been discontinued. Around the world, there are many local brands compete with Coke. In South and Central America Kola Real, known as Big Cola in Mexico, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. On the French island of Corsica, Corsica Cola, made by brewers of the local Pietra beer, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In the French region of Brittany, Breizh Cola is available In India, Coca-Cola ranked third behind the leader, Pepsi-Cola, and local drink Thums Up. 4.3 Environmental Impacts In December 1990, Coca-Cola Company announced that they would begin using recycled plastics (PET) in their bottles, but they have not followed through. The technology to make 100% recycled-content plastic bottles has been available in the United States since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave its approval in 1994 for food contact applications. Coca-Cola Company is abandoning the decades old practice of packaging its soft drinks in recycled content containers like aluminum cans and glass bottles in favor of non-recycled plastic. Coca-Cola Company no use the PET in their bottles cause the plastic waste is increasing ten times faster than recycling of plastic soda bottles. The packaging chooses by Coca-Cola Company seriously effect health and environmental impacts. Coca-Cola’s plastic soda bottle in particular, stem from extraction of non-renewable resources, energy consumption in manufacturing and in the refining of raw materials and industrial processes used to produce plastics have seriously effect health and environmental impacts. 5.0 Recommendation 5.1 Health Problem Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink. As we know that consume too much of the carbonated soft drink will threatening our kidney, increase diabetes risk, increase obesity risk and others diseases. Coca-Cola Company should put more effort on innovation of new product that good for health. Coca-Cola Company can produce sugar free or less sugar Cola-Cola product. Coca-Cola Company has success produce sugar free Coca-Cola product such as Coca-Cola Light. Besides, Coca-Cola also creates Coca-Cola Zero which is low-calorie compare with other Coca-Cola product. Besides, Coca-Cola Company can keep launch low-calorie and no-calorie product. The ingredients use must be in high-quality and can be part of a healthy, balanced diet. Coca-Cola Company can also help consumers manage calorie by introduce smaller packaging sizes in markets to make sure that consumer will no consume too much at one time. In addition, Coca-Cola Company can try to produce isotonic sport drinks that have not produce before. Isotonic sport drinks can reduce the risk of water intoxication by replenishing fluids and electrolytes in a ratio similar to that normally found in the human body. It is good for health. 5.2 Competitors The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading soft drink manufacturer. Coca-Cola Company has many competitors in the soft drink industry. The main competitor of Coca-Cola Company is Pepsi. Coca-Cola have difference competitor at difference country. Coca-Cola Company must understand the culture of a country before they launch their product. Coca-Cola Company need to know their product name sounds good or not according to the language and the meaning of their name at the country. If Coca-Cola Company do not know the culture of a country, Coca-Cola Company is hard to defeat the competitor at that country. Besides, Coca-Cola Company can launch a product that has not launched by others competitors before. Coca-Cola Company can try to produce new taste of Coca-Cola soft drink. The creativity of a company is very importance in innovative a new product to defeat their competitors. Coca-Cola can try mix the fruit taste they have not mix before to produce a new product that their competitors have not produce. In addition, Coca-Cola Company can also have a promotion to promote their product. Promotion can be discount promotion, free gift promotion, lucky draw promotion and so on. Most of the consumer like buy goods when have promotion. Coca-Cola can use promotion strategic to defeat their competitors. 5.3 Environmental Impacts In December 1990, Coca-Cola Company announced that they would begin using recycled plastics in their bottles, but they have not followed through. Coca-Cola Company no use the recycle plastic in their bottles cause the plastic waste is increasing ten times faster than recycling of plastic soda bottles and seriously effect health and environment impacts. Coca-Cola Company Should uses the recycle plastic in their bottles to reduce the increasing the plastic waste. Plastic waste can be reducing by recycling the plastic bottle and produce new plastic bottle. If Coca-Cola Company still uses non-recycle plastic in their bottle, the plastic waste will keep increasing and the raw material for producing plastic will decreasing. This will cause lack of material to produce others plastic product. Besides, recycled plastic can reduces all of the associated health and environmental impacts compared to production of non-recycle plastic from raw materials. When Coca-Cola Company use non recycle plastic, extraction of non-renewable resources like oil and gas for the plastics industry occur. Highly energy intensive consumption in manufacturing when production of non-recycle plastic. Furthermore the refining of raw materials and industrial processes used to produce plastics associated materials generate toxic chemicals posing a risk to worker safety and public health. So, Coca-Cola Company should use recycle plastic to solve this problem. 6.0 Conclusion Nowadays, Coca-Cola Company is a very successful beverage company because of their market success factors. The market success factors of Coca-Cola Company are market research, market analysis, selecting target market, SWOT analysis, marketing mix and so on. The Coca-Cola Company faces some market problems such as health effect, competitors and environmental impact. We have suggested Coca-Cola Company solve their health problem by launch sugar free, sugar less, low-calorie and no-calorie product. Coca-Cola Company understands the culture of a country and launches a product that has not launched by others competitors before. Finally, Coca-Cola Company must use recycle plastic in their bottle to solve environmental impact. From the report, we learn the market success factors of Coca-Cola Company and their history. We know about the Coca-Cola Company problems and the ways to solve their problems. Bibliography 1. Coca-Cola. (November 2011) Retrieved October 24, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola 2. Coca-Cola Marketing Plan. (2006) Retrieved November 2, 2011 from http://www.bookrags.com/essay-2003/6/14/53228/5227 3. Coca-Cola’s mission, vision and values. (2010) Retrieved November 2, 2011 from http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/coca-cola-mission-vision-statement.html 4. Coke’s Broken Promise. (1997) Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://www.ecomall.com/activism/coke3.htm 5. Fakhar.z 101. Coca-Cola Marketing Strategies (January 2009) Retrieved November 2, 2011 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/10552013/Coca-Cola-Marketing-Strategies 6. Kasi. Marketing Mixx. (March 2011) Retrieved November 2, 2011 from http://marketingmixx.com/marketing-plan-2/165-coca-cola-marketing-plan.html 7. Marketing201. Easy on Coca Cola Marketing (May, 2009) Retrieved November 2, 2011 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/15277105/Essay-on-Coca-Cola-Marketing 8. The Coca-Cola Company. (2011) Retrieved October 24, 2011 from http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/

Because I could not stop for death essays

Because I could not stop for death essays Eternity is a term that brings to life the timeless infinity of both marriage and death. Marriage symbolizes the depth of eternal love and death symbolizes the longevity of eternal rest. The union of these two seemingly opposite realities define the poetic climax of Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop For Death. Dickinson uses numerous features to awaken her audience to the narrators journey towards immortality. The long-awaited, yet inevitable merger of life and death is emphasized by the use of form and allegorical personification. The application of poetic structure, including capitalization, dashes, and rhyme schemes characterize this passage. On the literal level of this poem, the narrator begins by recollecting her introduction to death. She is carried off and elopes with a man named Death and his partner in crime, Immortality. She is taken past important defining moments in her life until they reach their final destination, which is death. Her reflections upon viewing her life from an outsiders perspective gives her the vision to comprehend her impact on one side of reality, while she subsequently awaits the next. On the symbolic level, Dickinson effectively uses allegory and personification. The fusion of these two ideas results in a deeper level of philosophical significance. The allegory of abstract themes is represented in the poems characters Death and Immortality. Death symbolizes the passing away of the body, and Immortality represents the Christian belief that the body dies but the soul is immortal. "Because I could not stop for Death-/He kindly stopped for me-," (1-2) Dickinson implies that most people do not stop to ponder death to the extent that she does, perhaps because of fears that have been embedded in their psyche. Along the journey, the narrator reflects on the importance of what she is leaving behind in order to join Death. We slowly drive He knew no has ...

The Difference Between Macro and Micro Sociology

The Difference Between Macro and Micro Sociology Though they are often framed as opposing approaches, macro- and microsociology are actually complementary approaches to studying society, and necessarily so. Macrosociology refers to sociological approaches and methods that examine large-scale patterns and trends within the overall social structure, system, and population. Often macrosociology is theoretical in nature too. On the other hand, microsociology focuses on smaller groups, patterns, and trends, typically at the community level and in the context of the everyday lives and experiences of people. These are complementary approaches because at its core, sociology is about understanding the way large-scale patterns and trends shape the lives and experiences of groups and individuals, and vice versa. 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Microsociologist s  tend to ask more localized, focused questions that examine the lives of smaller groups of people. For example: What effect does the presence of police in schools and communities have on the personal development and life paths of Black and Latino boys who grow up in inner-city neighborhoods? Sociologist Victor Rios addresses this question in his celebrated book,  Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys.How do sexuality and gender intersect in the development of identity among boys in the context of high school? This question is at the center of sociologist C.J. Pascoes widely popular book,  Dude,Youre a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School. Research Methods Macrosociologists Feagin and Schor, among many others, use a combination of historical and archival research, and analysis of statistics that span long time periods in order to construct data sets that show how the social system and the relationships within it have evolved over time to produce the society we know today. In addition, Schor employs interviews and focus groups, more commonly used in microsociological research, to make smart connections between historical trends, social theory, and the way people experience their everyday lives. Microsociologists, Rios, and Pascoe included, typically use research methods that involve direct interaction with research participants, like one-on-one interviews, ethnographic observation, focus groups, as well as smaller-scale statistical and historical analyses. 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Microsociological research, due to its smaller-scale, is more likely to yield the suggestion of correlation or causation between certain things, rather than prove it outright. What it does yield, and quite effectively, is proof of how social systems affect the lives and experiences of people who live within them. Though her research is limited to one high school in one place for a fixed amount of time, Pascoes work compellingly demonstrates how certain social forces, including mass media, pornography, parents, school administrators, teachers, and peers come together to produce messages to boys that the right way to be masculine is to be strong, dominant, and compulsively heterosexual. Summation Though they take very different approaches to studying society, social problems, and people, macro- and micro sociology both yield deeply valuable research conclusions that aid our ability to understand our social world, the problems that course through it, and the potential solutions to them.

Recommendation proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

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A hero today and yesterday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A hero today and yesterday - Essay Example Under both of these definitions, then, Spiderman can be considered a hero. Despite the fact that he’s a fictional character, Spiderman emerged in comic book form in the 1960s in just enough time to give adolescents a courageous figure to look up to at a time when definitions being provided in the news were delivering conflicting messages regarding real-life figures to admire. Re-makes of the comic book hero into motion picture form in the 1990s has again provided children with a role model in a changing world. Although the character of Spiderman of the 60s and Spiderman of the 90s share several common characteristics, there are some significant changes that have been made to his character to meet the demands of the more worldly audience of the modern city. Whether experiencing Spiderman in the 60s or the 90s, there are several fundamental characteristics and biographical notes regarding the character that remain unchanged. That Peter Parker is a somewhat socially inept teenaged bookworm that lives with his aunt and uncle is a common theme that serves to both humanize him and to make him an approachable figure for the adolescent crowd. His difficulties adjusting to society, making a living and struggling to come to grips with himself reveal how he is just as human as the next guy. He becomes a person they can relate to by his somewhat unconscious mumblings that reveal his thoughts and his own wry sense of humor at the trouble he gets himself into. He also doesn’t set out to save the world the moment he realizes his new talents. Instead, he sets out to make money and is somewhat dragged into helping others by his human sense of what is right. Although he has hyper sensitive hearing, vision and other senses, he is a hero not becau se of the things he can do, but because of the way he uses those talents to do the things that he does. There are a few fundamental differences between the